3.4. OOP Interface

3.4.1. Rationale

• Python don't have interfaces

• Cannot instantiate

• Inheriting class must implement all methods

• Only method declaration

• Since Python 3.8: PEP 544 -- Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing)

interface

Software entity with public methods and attribute declaration

implement

Class implements interface if has all public fields and methods from interface

>>> class CacheInterface:
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
...         raise NotImplementedError
...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str:
...         raise NotImplementedError
...
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
...         raise NotImplementedError

3.4.2. Alternative Notation

>>> class CacheInterface:
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: raise NotImplementedError
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: raise NotImplementedError
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: raise NotImplementedError

Sometimes you may get a shorter code, but it will not raise an error.

>>> class CacheInterface:
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: pass
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: pass
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: pass

As of three dots (...) is a valid Python object (Ellipsis) you can write that:

>>> class CacheInterface:
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: ...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: ...
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: ...

The following code is not a valid Python syntax... How nice it would be to write:

>>> @interface 
... class Cache:
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: ...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: ...
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: ...

>>> class Cache(interface=True): 
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: ...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: ...
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: ...

>>> interface Cache: 
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool

3.4.3. Use Cases

>>> class Cache:
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str: raise NotImplementedError
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None: raise NotImplementedError
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool: raise NotImplementedError
>>>
>>>
>>> class CacheDatabase(Cache):
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
...         ...
...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str:
...         ...
...
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
...         ...
>>>
>>>
>>> class CacheRAM(Cache):
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
...         ...
...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str:
...         ...
...
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
...         ...
>>>
>>>
>>> class CacheFilesystem(Cache):
...     def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
...         ...
...
...     def get(self, key: str) -> str:
...         ...
...
...     def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
...         ...
>>>
>>>
>>> fs: Cache = CacheFilesystem()
>>> fs.set('name', 'Mark Watney')
>>> fs.is_valid('name')
>>> fs.get('name')
>>>
>>> ram: Cache = CacheRAM()
>>> ram.set('name', 'Mark Watney')
>>> ram.is_valid('name')
>>> ram.get('name')
>>>
>>> db: Cache = CacheDatabase()
>>> db.set('name', 'Mark Watney')
>>> db.is_valid('name')
>>> db.get('name')

3.4.4. Assignments

Code 3.40. Solution

"""
* Assignment: OOP Interface Define
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 13 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Define interface `IrisInterface`
    2. Attributes: `sepal_length, sepal_width, petal_length, petal_width`
    3. Methods: `sum()`, `len()`, `mean()` in `IrisInterface`
    4. All methods and constructor must raise exception `NotImplementedError`
    5. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj interfejs `IrisInterface`
    2. Attributes: `sepal_length, sepal_width, petal_length, petal_width`
    3. Metody: `sum()`, `len()`, `mean()` w `IrisInterface`
    4. Wszystkie metody oraz konstruktor muszą podnosić wyjątek `NotImplementedError`
    5. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert hasattr(IrisInterface, '__annotations__'), \
    'IrisInterface has no field type annotations'

    >>> assert hasattr(IrisInterface, 'mean'), \
    'IrisInterface has no method .mean()'

    >>> assert hasattr(IrisInterface, 'sum'), \
    'IrisInterface has no method .sum()'

    >>> assert hasattr(IrisInterface, 'len'), \
    'IrisInterface has no method .len()'

    >>> assert isfunction(IrisInterface.mean), \
    'IrisInterface.mean() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(IrisInterface.sum), \
    'IrisInterface.sum() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(IrisInterface.len), \
    'IrisInterface.len() is not a method'

    >>> IrisInterface.__annotations__  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    {'sepal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'sepal_width': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_width': <class 'float'>}

    >>> iris = IrisInterface(5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    NotImplementedError
"""

Code 3.41. Solution

"""
* Assignment: OOP Interface Implement
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 12 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Define class `Setosa` implementing `IrisInterface`
    2. Implement interface
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Stwórz klasę `Setosa` implementującą `IrisInterface`
    2. Zaimplementuj interfejs
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `vars(self).values()`
    * `mean = sum() / len()`

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert issubclass(Setosa, IrisInterface)

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, '__annotations__'), \
    'Setosa has no field type annotations'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'mean'), \
    'Setosa has no method .mean()'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'sum'), \
    'Setosa has no method .sum()'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'len'), \
    'Setosa has no method .len()'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.mean), \
    'Setosa.mean() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.sum), \
    'Setosa.sum() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.len), \
    'Setosa.len() is not a method'

    >>> Setosa.__annotations__  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    {'sepal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'sepal_width': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_width': <class 'float'>}

    >>> setosa = Setosa(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2)
    >>> setosa.len()
    4
    >>> setosa.sum()
    10.2
    >>> setosa.mean()
    2.55
"""

class IrisInterface:
    sepal_length: float
    sepal_width: float
    petal_length: float
    petal_width: float

    def __init__(self,
                 sepal_length: float,
                 sepal_width: float,
                 petal_length: float,
                 petal_width: float) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def mean(self) -> float:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def sum(self) -> float:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def len(self) -> int:
        raise NotImplementedError

Code 3.42. Solution

"""
* Assignment: OOP Interface Protected
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 12 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Define class `Setosa` implementing `IrisInterface`
    2. Implement interface
    3. Note, that attribute `species` is a `str`, and in Python you cannot add `str` and `float`
    4. Create protected method `_get_values()` which returns values of `int` and `float` type attibutes
    5. Why this method is not in interface?
    6. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Stwórz klasę `Setosa` implementującą `IrisInterface`
    2. Zaimplementuj interfejs
    3. Zwróć uwagę, że atrybut `species` jest `str`, a Python nie można dodawać `str` i `float`
    4. Stwórz metodę chronioną `_get_values()`, która zwraca wartości atrybutów typu `int` i `float`
    5. Dlaczego ta metoda nie jest w interfejsie?
    6. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `var(self).values()`
    * `instanceof()` or `type()`
    * `mean = sum() / len()`

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
    >>> from inspect import isfunction

    >>> assert issubclass(Setosa, IrisInterface)

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, '__annotations__'), \
    'Setosa has no field type annotations'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'mean'), \
    'Setosa has no method .mean()'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'sum'), \
    'Setosa has no method .sum()'

    >>> assert hasattr(Setosa, 'len'), \
    'Setosa has no method .len()'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.mean), \
    'Setosa.mean() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.sum), \
    'Setosa.sum() is not a method'

    >>> assert isfunction(Setosa.len), \
    'Setosa.len() is not a method'

    >>> Setosa.__annotations__  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    {'sepal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'sepal_width': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_length': <class 'float'>,
     'petal_width': <class 'float'>,
     'species': <class 'str'>}

    >>> setosa = Setosa(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa')
    >>> setosa.len()
    4
    >>> setosa.sum()
    10.2
    >>> setosa.mean()
    2.55
"""

class IrisInterface:
    sepal_length: float
    sepal_width: float
    petal_length: float
    petal_width: float
    species: str

    def __init__(self,
                 sepal_length: float,
                 sepal_width: float,
                 petal_length: float,
                 petal_width: float,
                 species: str) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def mean(self) -> float:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def sum(self) -> float:
        raise NotImplementedError

    def len(self) -> int:
        raise NotImplementedError